Techniques
Voltammetric techniques:
- Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)
- Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)
- Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV)
- Normal Pulse Voltammetry (NPV)
- AC Voltammetry (ACV)
- Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
These methods can all be used in their stripping modes which are applied for (ultra-) trace analysis.
- Stripping chronopotentiometry (PSA or SCP)
Technique as a function of time:
- Chronoamperometry (CA)
- Pulsed Amperometric Detection (PAD)
- Multiple Pulse Amperometry (MPAD)
- Fast amperometry (FAM)
- Chronopotentiometry (CP)
- Open Circuit Potentiometry (OCP)
- Multistep Amperometry (MA)
- Multistep Potentiometry (MP)
- Mixed Mode (MM)
Impedance spectroscopy / EIS:
- Potential scan
- Time scan
Scans can be made at a fixed frequency or with a frequency scan.
- Fixed potential
Measurement Specifications
General pretreatment:
Apply conditioning, deposition or initial potential for: 0 – 1600 s
General voltammetric parameters:
PS4 Model | PS4.F1.05 PS4.F2.05 |
PS4.F0.10 PS4.F1.10 PS4.F2.10 |
---|---|---|
Potential range: | -5 V to +5 V | -10 V to +10 V |
Step potential: | 0.075 mV to 250 mV | 0.075 mV to 250 mV |
Pulse potential: | 0.075 mV to 250 mV | 0.075 mV to 250 mV |
Limits of some technique specific parameters for PalmSens4:
Technique | Parameter | Limit |
---|---|---|
Normal Pulse and Differential Pulse Voltammetry: |
Scan rate: Pulse time: |
0.1 mV/s (75 µV step) to 100 mV/s (5 mV step)10 ms to 300 ms |
Square Wave Voltammetry1 and AC Voltammetry: | Frequency: | 1 Hz to 2000 Hz 1 |
Linear Sweep and Cyclic Voltammetry: |
Scan rate: | 0.01 mV/s (75 µV step) to 500 V/s (10 mV step) |
ChronoAmperometry : | Interval time: Max. run time: |
0.25 ms to 300 s 1000000 s (> 10 days at 16 s interval) |
Pulsed Amperometric Detection: | Interval time: Pulse time: Max. run time: |
50 ms to 300 s 1 ms to 1 s 640000 s (> 7 days at 10 s interval) |
Multiple Pulse Amperometric Detection: | Pulse times: Run time: E levels: |
100 ms to 2 s 10 s to 100000 s 3 |
Fast Amperometry: | Interval time: Max. run time: Max. points: . |
0.02 ms to 1 s 30 s 65000 (4000 for interval time < 0.2 ms) |
ChronoPotentiometry and Open Circuit Potentiometry: |
Interval time: Max. run time: |
0.25 ms to 300 s 1000000 s (> 10 days at 300 s interval) |
Multistep Amperometry Multistep Potentiometry and Mixed Mode: |
Interval time: Level switching overhead time: Number of levels: Number of cycles: Max. run time: |
0.25 ms to 300 s |
Note: some limits of parameters are set for practical reasons and can be modified on request.
1 PSTrace provides the option to measure forward and reverse currents separately.